Associate Clinical Professor
World Health Organization, Western Europe
Director, Orange County Institute of Longevity
Medicine
Co-chairman, Research division, American Nutraceutical
Association
EDUCATION:
Fellowships:
1989-91 Infectious Diseases:
University of California, Irvine
1992 Virology: University of
California, Irvine
Residency:
1986-89 University of California,
Irvine
Medical School:
1982-86 University of California,
Irvine
Undergraduate:
1978-82 University of California,
San Diego, B.A., Cum Laude
Languages:
Spanish -- proficient
French -- proficient
ACADEMIC
APPOINTMENTS:
7/92 - 10/98
Assistant/Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine
7/92 - 10/98
Investigator, California Collaborative Treatment Group
7/94 - 10/98
Infectious Disease Consultant, Liver Transplantation Service
NON-ACADEMIC
APPOINTMENTS:
7/92 - 12/93
Chair, Infection Control Committee, Western Medical Center, Anaheim
10/97 - Member,
Orange County HIV client services committee
9/97 - 8/98 Medical Expert,
Pasadena County Court of Appeals (Judge Phillip Simon)
6/96 - 8/98
Consultant, Center for Special Immunology
1/98 - 10/98
Member, Orange County AIDS Planning Advisory Board
1/98 -
Co-chair, Research Division, American Neutraceutical Association
3/99 -
Director, Orange County Institute of Longevity Medicine
PROFESSIONAL
ACTIVITY:
Awards and Honors:
Alpha Omega Alpha Society
Winner, Department of Medicine
Fellow's Research Competition, 1991 and 1992
Contracts, Grants and Research Awards:
"A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of E-5 Monoclonal
Antibody in Patients with Severe Sepsis," Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, 9/93,
$137,500
"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Comparative
Dose Response Study of Two Doses of Atevirdine Mesylate in Combination
with Fixed Doses of Zidovudine in HIV+ Patients," Upjohn Pharmaceuticals,
10/93, $65,202
Study of Natural Killer Cell Function in HIV+ Individuals
(Unlimited Grant), Schering Pharmaceuticals, 10/93, $15,000
AIDS education grant, Roche Pharmaceuticals, 8/93,
$1,250
"A Double-Blind, Randomized, Dose-Response Study of
Three Fixed Doses of Delavirdine Mesylate in Combination with Zidovudine
versus Zidovudine alone in HIV-1 Infected Individuals with CD4 Counts of
200-500/mm3." Upjohn Pharmaceuticals, 2/94, $165,400
"A Double-Blind, Randomized, Comparative Study of
Three Fixed Doses of Delavirdine Mesylate in Combination with Didanosine
versus Didanosine alone in HIV-1 Infected Individuals with CD4 Counts of
<300/mm3," Upjohn Pharmaceuticals, 2/94, $166,960
Development of a Rapid Immunoassay for the Detection
of Antibodies to HIV, Harvard Biotechnology, 7/94, $20,000
Alpha Interferon Treatment of Patients with Deficiency
in Natural Killer Cell Function (Unlimited Grant), Schering Pharmaceuticals,
8/94, $5,500
Detection of Antibodies to HIV in Saliva, Trinity
Biotechnology, 9/94, $1,000
Career Development Award, 4/95, $1,000
Study of the immunomodulatory effects of HANSI in
mice (Unlimited Grant), HANSI International, 6/95, $19,200
Rapid Detection of Antibodies to HIV, Worldwide Medical
Corporation, 10/96, $81,955
Molecular Biology Training Grant (at the WHO Virology
Reference Laboratory in Lyon, France), 5/96-10/96, Biosphere Technology,
$22,500
Development of an Expert System in the management
in HIV-infected individuals, California Collaborative Treatment Group,
$15,000
Application of an Expert System in the management
of HIV-infected individuals, Roche Molecular Systems, $59,600
Motor Control in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (subinvestigator),
1/98-1/01, National Institutes of Health R01 grant, $640,270
The utility of GM-CSF in preventing opportunistic
infections in patients with AIDS, Immunex CO., 9/97, $75,400
Use of Remune in enhancing HIV-specific immune responses
in HIV-infected patients with CD4 counts >400, Immune Response Co., 6/97,
$48,000
Use of an augmented expert system display in the management
of HIV-infected patients, 1/98, Roche Molecular Systems, $63,400
Validation of nucleoprotein gene tracking for the
detection of Mycoplasma Incognitus, 1/98, Department of Defense, $12,500
The use of PGE-1 as a vasodilator, 7/98, Harvard Scientific,
$15,000
Immunomodulatory effects of glyconutrients, 7/98,
Mannatech Inc., $32,000
Presentations at Professional Meetings:
Treatment of Coxsackievirus
A9 Myocarditis in Mice with WIN 54954:
American College of Physicians
(ACP) 6/91
Intersciences Conference on
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, (ICAAC) 1991
Treatment of Viral-Induced Diabetes in Mice:
ICAAC, 1992
Pathogenesis of Viral-Induced Diabetes in Mice:
ICAAC, 1993
Alpha Interferon Treatment of Patients with Chronic
Fatigue Syndrome:
ICAAC, 1994
First Check HIV 1-2, a two-step, five minute whole
blood immunochromatographic assay to detect HIV 1-2 antibodies:
XI International AIDS conference,
Vancouver, Canada, 1996
The use of an Expert System in the management of
HIV infection:
UARP collaborative meeting,
9/97
Application of a Genotypic Driven Rule-based Expert
Artificial intelligence Computer system in Treatment Experienced HIV-infected
patients, XIIth International Conference on AIDS, Geneva, 1998
Long-Term Effectiveness of HAART in a Large Clinical
Group and the Role of Viral Resistance in the Treatment Failure, XIIth
International Conference on AIDS, Geneva, 1998
Membership in Professional Organizations:
Alpha Omega Alpha (1985 - present)
Orange County Medical Society
UNIVERSITY
AND PUBLIC SERVICE:
Instructor, Physical Examination
Course, UCI Medical School, 1990 and 1991
Instructor, Introduction to
Medicine Course, UCI Medical School, 1991 and 1992
Lecture, "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,"
Department of Medicine Grand Rounds, 1/31/93
Instructor, Sexually Transmitted
Diseases Course, Long Beach Health Department: 5/93, 9/93, 10/93, 2/94,
6/94
Instructor, Patient-Doctor II
course, 1993-94, 94-95
Lecture, "Sexually Transmitted
Diseases and Viral Illnesses," Intensive Review Course in Internal Medicine,
9/93, 9/94, 9/95
Attending physician, Infectious
Disease consult service, 12/92, 6/94, 1/96, 1/98
Attending physician, General
Medicine ward service, 4/93, 2/94, 11/94, 2/96
Lecture, "Sexually Transmitted
Disease and Viral Illnesses," Intensive Review Course in Family Medicine,
6/94
Department of Medicine Core
Lectures: "Sexually Transmitted Diseases" (7/93), "Newly Discovered Infections"
(7/94)
Independent Research Supervisor:
Biology 199 students, medicine residents
College of Medicine Interviewer,
1993- present
Lecture, "Treatable Viral Infections,"
Academie of Family Practitioners, 4/95
Lecture, "Overview of Hepatitis
B and C," Huntington Beach Hospital Grand Rounds. 9/14/95.
Lecture, "Pathogenesis of HIV
infection," for the conference, "Infectious Diseases: New Problems, New
Treatments
and how they affect your practice,"
10/95
Presentation, "Development of
a Polyvalant Coxsackie Group B Virus Vaccine," for the J. Wayne Ebrite
Infectious
Diseases Research Conference,
11/1/95
Lecture, "Current Concepts of
Hepatitis C Infections and Therapy," for the Association for Professional
Infection
Control and Epidemiology, 11/14/95.
Lecture, "Current Research in
Chronic Fatigue and Immunodeficiency Syndrome," Dept. of Medicine Grand
Rounds, 1/11/96
Lecture, "Complementary therapies
in AIDS," 9/97 Westin Hotel
Lecture, "New Concepts in the
Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome," Department of Medicine
Grand Rounds, 10/97
Physician consultant, Nutrition/Education/Training
committee, Orange County AIDS Services Foundation, 4/97-
CME accredited lectures, multiple
national sites, "The scientifically-validated benefits of glyconutrients,"
5/98-
Lecture series, Mechanisms of
Disease, Second year Medical School Class, "Pathogenesis of Sepsis," 1994-1998
PUBLICATIONS:
Book Chapters, peer reviewed:
See DM, Tilles JG. Myocarditis. In: Current therapy
of infectious disease, Schlossberg D, ed. Mosby-Year Book, Philadelphia,
PA pp. 114-115, 1996
See DM, Tilles JG. Pericarditis and Myocarditis. In:
Infectious Diseases, second edition, Blacklow N, ed. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia,
PA, pp. 246-259
See DM, Tilles JG. Infections of heart and muscle.
In: Clinical Virology, first edition, Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F, eds.
Churchhill Livingstone, New York, pp. 113-125, 1997
See DM. Endocarditis and Immunosuppression in the
ICU. In: Handbook of Medical Intensive Care, first edition, Brenner M,
Williams J, eds. Current Clinical Strategies Publishing, Fountain Valley
(in press)
See DM, Tilles JG. Myocarditis. In: Current Therapy
in Adult Medicine. Kassirer J, ed. Mosby-Year Book Inc., Philadelphia,
PA, 1997, pp. 223-224
See DM, Gurnee K. The Immunological effects of Glyconutrients.
In: Recent Research Developments in Immunology. Padalai, S, ed. Research
Signpost, Trivandrum, India (in press)
Journal Articles, peer reviewed:
See DM, Tilles JG. Viral Myocarditis. Reviews of Infectious
Diseases 1991;13:951-56.
See DM, Tilles JG. Treatment of Coxsackievirus A9
Myocarditis in Mice with WIN 54954. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:425-28.
See DM, Tilles JG. WIN 54954 Treatment of Mice Infected
with a Diabetogenic Strain of Group B Coxsackievirus. Antimicrob Agent
Chemother 1993;37:1593-98.
See DM, Tilles JG. Efficacy of a Polyvalent inactivated-virus
Vaccine in Protecting Mice from Infection with Clinical Strains of Group
B Coxsackieviruses. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:739-47.
See DM, Tilles JG. Pathogenesis of Viral-induced Diabetes
in Mice J Infect Dis 1995;171:1131-8.
See DM, Tilles JG. Alpha interferon treatment of patients
with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Immunological investigations 1996;25:153-64.
See DM, Tilles JG. Pathogenesis of viral-induced diabetes.
Current Opinions in Infectious Diseases 1996;9:161-164.
Lina B, Valette M, Foray S, Luciani J, Stagnara J,
See DM, Aymard M. Surveillance of Community-Acquired viral infections due
to respiratory viruses in Rhone-Alpes (France) during winter 1994-1995.
J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:3007-3011.
See DM, Broumand N, Sahl L, Tilles JG. In vitro effects
of Echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell
cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 1997;35:229-235.
Dube M, Sattier F, Torriani F, See D, Havlir D, Kemper
C, Dezfuli M, Bozzette S, Bartok A, Leedom J, McCutchan J. A Randomized
study of Clarithromycin Plus Ethambutol, for Treatment and Prevention of
Relapse of Disseminated MAC (DMAC) in AIDS. Journal Infect Dis 1997;176;1225-32.
Beaulieux F, See DM, Leparc-Goffart, Aymard M, Lina
B. Use of magnetic beads versus guanidium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform
RNA extraction followed by polymerase chain reaction for the rapid, sensitive
detection of enterovirus RNA. Research in Virology 1997;148:11-15.
Berger M, See DM, Bernhard R, Aymard M, Lina B. Direct
in situ reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the detection
of enterovirus genome in liver tissues. J Virol Methods 1997;65:55-66.
Gupta S, Aggarwhat S, See D, Starr A. Cytokine production
by adherent and non-adherent mononuclear cells in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
J Psych Res 1997;31:149-156
See DM, Khemka P, Sahl L, Bui T, Tilles J. The role
of natural killer cells in viral infections. Scand J Immunol 1997; 46-217-224
See DM, Tilles JG. Protection from hepatitis in baby
rabbits infected with clinical strains of group B coxsackieviruses by an
inactivated-virus vaccine. Proc Nat Soc Exp Bio Med 1997;216;52-56
Pazzani M, See D, Schroeder E, Tilles JG. Use of an
expert system in the management of HIV infected individuals. J AIDS and
Hum Retroviruses 1997-15,356-362
See D, See J, Clark T. Tilles J. Successful immunization
of mice using liposomes containing inactivated, prototype strains of all
six types of coxsackie group B viruses. Vaccine Research 1997;6;27-32
Berger M, See D. Bernhard R, Aymard M, Lina B. Detection
of viral genome in murine myocardial cells using in situ PCR after infection
with a myocardiotropic strain of Coxsackievirus B3. Research in Virology
1997;148:409-416
See DM, Tilles JG. Pathogenesis of viral-induced diabetes.
Clinical and Diagnostic Virology 1998;9:144-9
Berger M, See D, Aymard M, Lina B. Demonstration of
persistent enterovirus in the pancreas of diabetic mice by in situ polymerase
chain reaction. Clinical and Diagnostic Virology 1998;9 141-3
Rudich S, Kinkhabwala M, Murray N, See D, Busuttil
R, Imigawa D. Successful treatment of mycotic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms
with arterial reconstruction and Liposomal Amphotericin B. Liver Transplantation
and Surgery 1998;4:91-93.
See D, Tilles J, Hirschman J, Bertacchini C. The in
vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects of Hansi. Am J Nat Med 1998;5:10-14.
See D, Cimoch P, Chou S, Chang J, Tilles J. The in
vitro immunomodulatory effects of glyconutrients on peripheral blood mononuclear
cells of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Integr Physiol Beh Med
1998;33:280-287.
See D, Berman S, Justis J, Broumand N, Chou S, Chang
J, Tilles J. A phase 1 study of the safety of Echinacea angustifolia and
its effect on viral load in HIV infected individuals. JANA 1998;1:14-17.
Khemka V, See D, See J, Chou S, Chang J, Tilles J.
The efficacy of an oral liposomal hepatitis B and C vaccine in mice. Viral
Immunology 1998;11:73-78.
Dube M, Torriani F, See DM, Havlir D, Kemper C, Leedom
J, Tilles J, McCutchan A, Sattler F. Treatment of clarithromycin-resistant
MAC bacteremia in AIDS. Clinical Infectious Diseases (in press).
See DM. Complementary therapies in Arthritis. JANA;1:7-14.
See DM, Gurnee K, LeClair M. An in vitro screening
study of 196 natural products for toxicity and efficacy. JANA;2:25-41.
Dube M, Torriani F, See D et al. Successful Short-term
suppression of clarithromycin-resistant mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia
in AIDS. Clin Inf Dis 1999;28:136-8.
Articles in General Readership Magazines and Newspapers:
See DM, Tilles JG, WIN 54954 Treatment of Mice Infected
with a Diabetogenic Strain of Group B Coxsackievirus. International Antiviral
News January 1994, vol. 2, no. 1, page 4.
Lathrop R, Steffen N, Raphael M, Deeds-Rubin S, Pazzani
M, Cimoch P, See D, Tilles JG. Knowledge-based avoidance of drug-resistant
HIV mutants. Proceedings of the AAAI, 1998, pp. 1071-78.
See DM. An overview of glyconutrient use in CFS. CFIDS
Chronicle, Sept./Oct. 1998, p, 15.
Lathrop R, Steffen N, Raphael M, Deeds-Rubin S, Pazzani
M, Cimoch, P, See D, Tilles JG. Knowledge-based avoidance of drug-resistant
HIV mutants. Al magazine, Spring 1999, pp. 13-25.
Abstracts and Posters:
Milefchik E, Leal M, Haubrich R, See D, Bozzette S,
Larsen R. High Dose Fluconazole with and without Flucytosine for AIDS Associated
Cryptococcal Meningitis (ABSTRACT, presented at the IXth International
Conference on AIDS, Berlin, June 7-11, 1993).
Gupta S, See D, Michalewski H, Starr A. Cytokine Production
and Movement Related Brain Potentials are Abnormal in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
(ABSTRACT, presented at the First National Conference on Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome, 10/94).
Dube M, Sattler F, Torriani F, See D, Havlir D, Kemper
C, Dezfuli M, Bozzette S, Bartok A, Leedom J, McCutchan J. A Randomized
study of Clarithromycin Plus Ethambutol, for Treatment and Prevention of
Relapse of Disseminated MAO(DMAO) in AIDS (ABSTRACT, presented at the 35th
ICAAC).
Dube M, Satler F, Torriani F, See D, Havlir D, Kemper
C, Dezfuli M, Bozzete S, Bartok A, Leedom J, Tilles J, McCutchan A. Prevention
and relapse of MAC bacteremia in AIDS: A Randomized Study of Clarithromycin
plus Clofazamine with or without Ethambutol. (ABSTRACT, presented at the
Third Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic infections).
Torriani F, Dube M, Sattler F, See D, Kemper C, Jasura
M, McCutchan J, Havlir D and the California Collaborative Treatment Group.
A longitudinal analysis of Clarithromycin susceptibilities and genotypes
of Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) blood isolates of AIDS patients treated
for MAC bacteremia (ABSTRACT, presented at the 36th ICAAC).
Berger M, Lina B, See D, Aymard M. Detection and localization
of enterovirus in liver tissues by in situ PCR. Joint Meeting of the European
Group for Rapid Viral Diagnosis, London, England, 12/96.
Dube M, Torriani F, See D, Havlir D, Kemper C, Leedom
J, Tilles J, McCutchan J, Sattler F. Treatment of clarithromycin resistant
MAC bacteremia in AIDS (ABSTRACT, presented at the 37th ICAAC).
See D. Invited speaker at the 16th International Diabetes
Foundation Conference in Helsinki, Finland, July 20-25, 1997. Mouse Models
for enteroviral-induced IDDM.
Berger M, See D, Lina B. Demonstration of persistent
enterovirus in the pancreases of diabetic mice by in situ polymerase chain
reaction. (Oral presentation, the 16th IDF conference, Helsinki, Finland,
1997).
Huang, W, See D, Tilles J. The prevalence of Mycoplasma
Incognitus in Normal Controls or Patients with AIDS or the Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome (ABSTRACT, American Society for Microbiology conference, September
1997).
Dube M, Torriani F, See D et al. Treatment of clarithromycin-resistant
MAC bacteremia in AIDS (37th ICAAC, Toronto, 9/97)
See D, Gurnee K, McDaniel C, McDaniel R, Akbapour
F, McDaniel B. The efficacy of glyconutrients in three biomarkers of the
aging process. (First International Conference on Anti-aging Research,
Dec. 10-13, 1998, Las Vegas, NV).
Work In Progress:
See DM, Kopecka H, Julien R, Keen K, Aymard M, Lina
B. Complete Sequence of a Polio type-2 Defective Interfering virus form
the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a patient with Postpolio Syndrome (submitted).
See DM, Clark T, Tilles JG. Oral Desensitization of
coxsackievirus-induced diabetes in a subset of infected mice suggests a
dual mechanism of disease pathogenesis (submitted).
See DM, Broumand N, Choung S, Tilles JG. Alpha interferon
treatment of patients with decreased natural killer cell function (submitted).
See DM, Berger M, Lina B, Aymard M, Tilles JG. Pathogenesis
of chronic hepatitis in baby rabbits caused by infection with coxsackievirus
B5 (submitted).
See DM, Huang W, Chang J, Tilles JG. Incidence of
Mycoplasma incognitus by PCR in Peripheral Blood mononuclear Cells in normal
controls and patients with either the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Aids
and its effect on in vitro immune function.
Reiter W, Cimoch P, See D. Long-term effectiveness
of HAART in a large clinical group and the role of viral resistance in
treatment failure.
See D, Pazzani M, Lathrop R, Tilles J. Application
of a genotypic driven rule-based expert artificial intelligence computer
system in treatment experienced HIV-infected patients: immunologic and
virologic response.
Clark T, See D. A metanalysis of NK function from
1980 to the present (submitted).
See D, Akbapour F. The in vitro effect of glyconutrients
on three parameters contributing to the aging process (submitted).
Evaluation
of Dr. See
(by Mike Akins - International Diamond)
Thank you for your question about Dr. See. I am
including a summary of the investigation that Dr. Hennen conducted on Dr.
See. Before I contracted with Dr. See to test our product, I was very aware
of the accusations against him. The reporter that was involved in the initial
accusation has been known for years as an anti-nutritional advocate as
well as anti-network marketing. I was interested in discovering the truth,
knowing the possible backlash involved. After I conducted my investigation,
4Life conducted their own investigation. We talked to the editor of the
JANA publication, as well as many of the same people that the reporter
talked to. The editor was firmly behind Dr. See and the study. Several
people said they were either misquoted or were asked the wrong questions.
We were totally convinced that the accusations were a result of a "witch
hunt."
Another factor to keep in mind is that Dr. See
has performed research for Upjohn, Pfizer, Harvard, and the Department
of Defense. As you will see in our report, Dr. See has been rewarded with
grants totalling into the millions of dollars. These companies and institutions
will not work with someone who is not credible. Because of fear of lawsuits
involving a stock situation where stockholders lost a great deal of money,
Mannatech, in my opinion tried to use Dr. See as a scapegoat, in order
to avoid lawsuits by stockholders who were affected by stock fluctuations.
Other accusations referred to the fact that Dr.
See was paid lecturing fees by Mannatech. This is a common practice and
was very justified. Virtually all authors and medical professionals who
lecture on specific products or scientific breakthroughs are paid for expenses
and their time, especially when they are invited to speak to the distributors
of that particular company. Dr. See's resume is outstanding, his credentials
as a research scientist and medical professional are beyond reproach.
When I approached Dr. See through certain contacts,
he was not aware of an oral form of transfer factor. He had no personal
interest in Transfer Factor, until he discovered its potential. Now he
uses it in his cancer clinic and lectures about it quite frequently. He
does not receive any proceeds from 4Life or myself to lecture about TF.
If we ever decided to pay him for lectures, it would be quite appropriate.
I have come to know Dr. See in the past few months
as a very warm-hearted individual who cares deeply about others. He is
a very honest and sincere person. I have talked to a great number of health
professionals who have known him for a long period of time. Without exemption,
they praise him for his integrity, his passion to help others, and his
professional credibility.
4Life does not need the endorsement of Dr. See.
Transfer factor has more science behind it than any nutritional product
that I have consumed or worked with during my 32-year career. Its credibility
stands alone on the hundreds of studies and individual use. We chose to
use this study because of the fact that Dr. See's study printed in JANA
would give us a direct comparison with 196 of the most popular products
in the world. We came out on top by 500%. Sixteen times more effective
than Noni, 5 times more effective than Ambrotose, and more than five times
more effective than Echinacea.
I have been asked about differences between claims
by companies such as Morinda (50% increase in NK activity) and Dr. See's
test results for Noni (15% actual effectiveness). The difference is in
what is being measured. Several products have been tested for the increase
in the number of NK cells. Dr. See's test was on the actual increase in
the NK cell's ability to kill live cancer cells, effectiveness versus an
increase in numbers only. Transfer Factor is unlike any other product in
that it stores experienced information, while other nutrients support immune
functions. The difference is like a carpenter versus building materials.
Transfer factor is like the carpenter with the intelligence to target the
use of all materials to build the house, while other nutrients are building
materials such as wood, nails, etc. Transfer Factor targets the enemy for
the rest of the immune cells and induces the increase in the actual numbers
at the same time. Very importantly, TF will command the immune cells through
suppressors, to return to their original numbers after the battle with
the invaders is over. Once the immune system is incited if it is not commanded
to back off, inflammation, immune system exhaustion, and autoimmune disease
can occur.
I could go on and on, there is so much to share
about Transfer Factor and Dr. See. The following is an overview conducted
by the research biochemist at 4Life on Dr. See and the accusations made
against him. If you have further questions, please forward them to me.
My suggestion is that you do not let a "witch hunt" distract you from experiencing
one of the greatest breakthroughs in health care in decades. Dr. See is
only one of hundreds of medical professionals who are endorsing TF. As
an example, Duane Townsend, M.D. has referred to Transfer Factor as possibly
the greatest breakthrough since the discovery of penicillin. Dr. Townsend
has written a number of chapters in medical textbooks. He pioneered a medical
procedure used in treating a precancerous condition in the cervix, which
is used by virtually every gynecologist in this country. This list goes
on and on. Thanks again for your interest. Read on concerning Dr. Hennen's
rebuttal of accusations against Dr. See.
Mike Akins
Darryl M. See, M.D.
EDUCATION
Graduated from University of California, Irvine
College of Medicine, 1986
Internship and Residency at University of California
Irvine, 1986-89
Specialized in Internal Medicine and Infectious
Disease.
FELLOWSHIPS
Infectious Diseases: University of California,
Irvine, 1989-91
Virology: University of California, Irvine, 1992
MEDICAL
BOARD CERTIFICATION
Medical licensure, State of California, 1987 (License
current through 2001)
$nbsp;$nbsp;$nbsp;$nbsp;Board Certification: Internal
Medicine and Infectious Disease
ACADEMIC
APPOINTMENTS
Assistant Clinical Professor University of California,
Irvine, 1992-98
Associate Clinical Professor University of California,
Irvine, 1998
Investigator, California Collaborative Treatment
Group, 1992-98
Infectious Disease Consultant, Liver Transplantation
Service, 1994-98
GRANTS AND
RESEARCH AWARDS
Dr. Darryl M. See has received over $ 1,663,000
in research grants involving 22 scientific studies including but not limited
to Double-Blind Placebo Controlled studies, in-vivo and in-vitro studies
for pharmaceuticals and natural ingredients. He has received these grants
from Private and Public entities including the National Institutes of Health.
PUBLICATIONS
Dr. See has Authored or co-authored 35 peer-reviewed
book chapters and journal articles, 5 general interest articles for magazines
and newspapers, 12 abstracts and has 3 works in progress. His recent peer-reviewed
article published in The Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association
(JANA, Vol.2, No. 1, Winter 1999) has been heralded as a "landmark publication"
in the study of natural products and their effects on Natural Killer Cells.
Dr. See has also made several presentations to
various professional and scientific groups on topics ranging from Diabetes
and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome to Treatment of HIV patients.
JANA ARTICLE
UPHELD AS "LANDMARK" STUDY
In recent months a few individuals have questioned
the validity of the Winter 1999 JANA article entitled An In Vitro Screening
Study of 196 Natural Products for Toxicity and Efficacy. This study provided
unprecedented documentation on both safety and efficacy for a wide range
of nutritional ingredients and formulations. It determined the effectiveness
of natural ingredients to enhance Natural Killer (NK) Cell Activity against
live cancer cells. After thorough review by many industry experts, it has
been thoroughly established that the methodology used and compilations
calculated in the study were done in accordance with accepted scientific
protocol. An independent auditor has concluded that the calculations in
the JANA study were correct and found no reason to discount or question
the conclusions of the study.
PUBLISHER
ENDORSES DR. SEE'S STUDY
"I am aware of no valid information that would
question the conclusions of the report as they were published regarding
the 196 products tested nor am I aware of any information that would require
JANA to retract the conclusions reported on the testing of the 196 products.
I have found Dr. See to be an honorable, ethical researcher." December,
1999 Dr. Allen Montgomery
Publisher of The Journal of the American Nutraceutical
Association.
NATIONAL
INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH) OFTEN FUND STUDIES OF THIS TYPE
Critics have questioned Dr. See for stating that
the study was partially funded by the NIH. Leigh Sawyer, an NIH program
officer has admitted that a grant was given to The University of California,
Irvine and Dr. See was involved in using the proceeds of the grant "to
study Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, not the merits of natural supplements."
Dr. See has stated that his work in the study of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
(CFS) led him to investigate the "merits" of natural supplements as possible
relief for those suffering from the Syndrome. It is a common practice of
Universities and research facilities to employ a small portion of current
funding as "seed money" to examine promising new research. Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome is associated with a low Natural Killer Cell activity. The discovery
of substances to enhance NK activity would be extremely important to the
CFS sufferers.
COMMON PRACTICE
TO GIVE CREDIT TO THE FUNDING ORGANIZATION
It is common for assays such as those reported
in the JANA article to be performed during periods when a technician may
be waiting for some other experiment to run its course. If the technician
was supported by the NIH grant, though such credit may be considered generous
on the part of the researcher, the source of the partial funding is often
given as a courtesy. NIH funding does not constitute NIH endorsement. Dr.
See never at any time suggested or implied that the NIH endorsed the conclusions
of the study. He simply was complying with protocol to give credit where
credit was due. As a note, The National Institutes of Health have never
challenged the conclusions of Dr. See's study.
NATIONAL
INSTITUTES OF HEALTH FUNDED BY CONGRESS
The National Institutes of Health is by far the
largest public funding agency for biomedical research in the United States,
or in the World. A large portion of NIH funding is spent on drug discovery
and development. Only a small percentage of funding is allocated to evaluation
and development of alternative medicine. Individuals who have obtained
funding from NIH through its Public Health Services (PHS) grants are mandated
by the terms of the grant to acknowledge NIH (PHS) support. This is easily
understood as NIH is a political as well as a research entity. It must
petition Congress each year for funding. The number of scientific papers
that are published through NIH support is an easily communicated measure
of the effectiveness of the money that is allocated to NIH for this purpose.
The more papers the better the agency's chance of funding.
UNSUBSTANTIATED
CONTROVERSY CREATED
Dr. See's association with a private supplement
company which (unknown to Dr. See) was being investigated by a securities
watch-dog organization for improprieties in its Initial Public Offering
(IPO) brought the study into question. The watch-dog organization alleged
that the supplement company used Dr. See's study to illegally promote its
IPO. It is now known that Dr. See's study was done over six years and was
unknown to the supplement company until the results were completed. When
positive results of products sold by the private supplement company were
made public, the company asked Dr. See to report his findings to customers
of the supplement company. This practice is very common in the medical
world. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)
encourages such findings to be made public as long as the material is balanced,
truthful and not misleading. Dr. See's peer-reviewed published study certainly
has met all requirements of DSHEA.
CONTROVERSY
OVER STUDY MAY BE POLITICALLY MOTIVATED
The political nature of NIH funding is such that
good publicity is the only publicity that is allowed. Anyone who brings
controversy to NIH is in extreme danger of losing all current and future
funding. If a controversy arises it is more expedient for the agency to
sever its association than to try to justify any entanglement. Dr. See
respectfully withdrew his statement that the study had been partially funded
by the NIH rather than create any further problems for the NIH.
MUCH OF
RESEARCH FOR STUDY DONE AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE
It has been reported in the press that The University
of California, Irvine (UCI) was unable to find evidence that the study
was performed at UCI. Dr. Jeremiah Tilles, chairman of the school's infectious
disease department and co-author with Dr. See on many peer-reviewed articles
is reported to have said he knew nothing about Dr. See's six-year study
of nutritional supplements. Lab technician Marikel Chatard is quoted as
saying, "I don't know anything about this study."
It has been well documented that many of the lab
experiments for the study were done at UCI. They were done over six years
with many lab technicians involved in the work. In fact, Dr. See left his
lab books documenting the study at UCI when he left in 1998 and was only
recently able to retrieve them. The fact that UCI had the lab books documenting
the study is evidence that the work was done there. It is not uncommon
for other professors and employees of a University to be unaware of specifics
of a colleague's ongoing work.
JEREMIAH
TILLES PUBLISHED FOUR PAPERS ABOUT NATURAL INGREDIENTS WITH DR. SEE
It seems somewhat incredulous that Dr. Tilles
was not aware of Dr. See's work since they published several papers together
including the following:
In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural
killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and
chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.
See DM; Broumand N; Sahl L; Tilles JG. Immunopharmacology 1997, 35:229-35.
A Phase I Study on the Safety of Echinacea angustifolia
and its Effect on Viral Load in HIV Infected Individuals. See DM; Berman
S; Justis J; Broumand N; Chou S; Chang J; Tilles J. JANA 1998, 1:14-17.
The in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects
of Hansi. See DM; Tilles J; Hirshman J; Bertacchini C. Am J Nat Med 1998,
5:10-14.
The in vitro immunomodulatory effects of glyconutrients
on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic fatigue
syndrome. See DM; Cimoch P; Chou S; Chang J; Tilles J. Integr Physiol Behav
Sci 1998, 33:280-7.
In Dr. Tilles's favor, the JANA article as published
was a compilation of smaller studies using standard protocols conducted
over a six year time span. If a standard assay was being run it would be
a simple thing to prepare the necessary samples and test them with very
little additional expense or time spent. Compiling the data would be a
simple clerical task requiring no laboratory time and was accomplished
by Dr. See after he left the University. Dr. Tilles did not contribute
to the work and could not be expected to know about it in any significant
way.
Dr. See and Dr. Tilles jointly published four previous
papers covering natural products safety and efficacy under the auspices
of the University (see above references). In fact, the University omitted
Dr. See's name when a paper was presented on glyconutrients in London in
April of 1999, after Dr. See left UCI. A comparison of the abstract submitted
to the Fatigue 2000 symposium and the abstract of the paper submitted by
Dr. See and published in the Journal of Integrative Physiology and Behavioral
Science (1998, 33:280-7) are identical. The only significant difference
between the two works is the omission of the primary author, Dr. See, from
the later published symposium record. From primary author to non-author
is a huge change. This indicates that the University or members of its
faculty were willing to take credit but not criticism for researching the
immune system benefits of natural products.
LAB TECHNICIAN
Marikel Chatard, the laboratory technician who
was reported to have said, "I don't know anything about this study" did
conduct some of the experiments and obtained some of the data used in the
compilation of the study. She was, however, not the main technician who
conducted the studies. Technicians who conduct routine testing over an
extended period of time are not likely to be aware of or even interested
in any overarching research direction. Ms. Chatard certainly could have
been expected to remember working on such a large study if it had been
done as a concentrated effort specifically for the purpose of assembling
the data reported in the JANA paper. Spread this same amount of work over
six years and only involving tests at irregular intervals and the comment
could be easily made.
DR. SEE'S
RESIGNATION FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE
Dr. See resigned in 1998 from the faculty of the
School of Medicine at UCI. It has been reported that he was asked to resign
because he had "broken rules" of the University, operating on rabbits with
the improper anesthetic and not having approval to use human blood.
The animal operations referred to were conducted
with a disassociative anesthetic that allows for some muscle twitching
but no sensation of pain. These operations were conducted under outside
oversight and after approval by the University's Institutional Review Board
(IRB) which consists of experienced and responsible scientists and physicians.
The use of blood samples in vitro testing is listed
by UCI as an exempt activity with respect to the need for Institutional
Review Board (IRB) approval. Correctly interpreted this means that IRB
approval is not needed but that only notice for informational purposes
was required. Dr. See therefore committed what amounts to a small clerical
oversight.
Dr. See has admitted to misinterpreting the University's
rules on filing informational notices with the IRB when conducting this
type of research.
Neither of these incidents had any bearing on Dr.
See's decision to leave the University.
DR. SEE
DID NOT WITHHOLD INFORMATION
An over-enthusiastic reporter wrote that Dr. See
would not turn over laboratory notebooks used in the study when asked.
Not turning over laboratory notebooks implies that
the researcher in question has something to hide. At the time of the question,
Dr. See was no longer with the University and to his credit he had left
the original research notebooks with the University for archiving. As discussed
previously, Dr. See did not have the notebooks in his possession and therefore
could not comply with the request without the cooperation of the University
which did not come until later. In the University's defense, the study
reported in JANA was very large. The pertinent data was dispersed through
many notebooks of various students and laboratory technicians over a six
year time frame. Scientists are not librarians. Scientists tend to look
ahead rather than back and once the data is published the records were
most likely boxed up and stashed away not neatly cataloged and shelved.
It is noteworthy that legal action was required to get the records released
by the University.